Gräfin Mariza opened at the Theater an der Wien on 28 February 1924 and ran close to four hundred performances. Julius Brammer and Alfred Grünwald set it on a Hungarian estate: a countess invents a fiancé to keep suitors away, and her steward turns out to be a ruined count working under another name. Kálmán wrote it when Viennese operetta was already looking back at itself, and the score puts csárdás and Gypsy-band colour beside the newer rhythms of shimmy and foxtrot. It reached New York in 1926 and stayed in German-language houses when much else did not.