Rondo alla turca (Piano Sonata no. 11, K. 331)

The Piano Sonata in A major, K. 331, was published in Vienna in 1784 and is unusual among Mozart's sonatas in having no movement in sonata form: it opens with a theme and six variations, continues with a minuet, and ends with the rondo marked alla turca. The Turkish manner — repeated grace notes, drone bass, imitations of janissary drums and cymbals — was a Viennese fashion, and some pianos of the period had a pedal that added bells and a drum for exactly this effect. A fragment of the autograph came to light in Budapest in 2014, with readings that differ from the printed text.