Turkey

Ottoman court music is built on the makam system of modes. Hamparsum notation was widely used to write down its repertoire during the nineteenth century, before Western staff notation became established. The Presidential Symphony Orchestra in Ankara descends from the Mızıka-ı Hümayun and dates in its republican form from 1924. The Istanbul Conservatory traces its origins to Darülelhan, founded in 1917. The Ankara State Conservatory began teaching in 1936 following recommendations from Paul Hindemith. Composers known as the Turkish Five include Ahmet Adnan Saygun and Ulvi Cemal Erkin. IKSV began its Istanbul festival in 1973; the name Istanbul Music Festival was adopted in 1994.